Answer all questions.
Q1. Fill in the blanks with suitable adverbs or prepositions to form phrasal verbs:
i) Please take____________________your coat.
ii) We have taken___________________ a new project.
iii) I was taken___________a doctor because I had been able to cure some people in the neighborhood.
iv) Seeta takes________________her mother.
v) The old lady offered to take___________the homeless stranger.
Ans-
i) Please take off your coat.
ii) We have taken on a new project.
iii) I was taken to a doctor because I had been able to cure some people in the neighborhood.
iv) Seeta takes after her mother.
v) The old lady offered to take in the homeless stranger.
Q2. Give meanings of the phrasal verbs in the following sentences in a few words.
i) Don't give in to the threats of the terrorists.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Ans- Meaning: Do not yield or surrender to the threats of the terrorists.
ii) The engine gives off steam.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Ans- Meaning: The engine emits or releases steam.
iii) They tried to cover up the evil dead.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Ans- Meaning: They attempted to hide or conceal the evil action.
iv) I fell for the beautiful girl.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Ans- Meaning: I became romantically attracted to the beautiful girl.
v) We'll see you off at the station
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Ans- Meaning: We will accompany you to the station when you leave as a sign of farewell or to ensure your departure goes smoothly.
Q3. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences by using the correct forms of the words given below. Indicate in each case whether the word is used as a noun or a verb. ( Each word has to be used twice, once as a noun and once as a verb.) pitch, race, litter, file, spell.
i) He usually_____________________the ball at the right place.
ii) The cricket ________________ is wet today.
iii) Many thoughts__________________ through his mind when his son was in the operating theatre.
iv) I wish to see his personal__________________
v) You have to feed the cat and its___________
vi) He has_____________the word wrongly.
vii) She came first in the 100-metre_____________
viii) The magician cast a_______________on her.
ix) Please_______________this letter.
x) 'The muddy ground was__________________ with crawling worms'. (Khushwant Singh: The Mark of Vishnu)
Ans-
1- He usually pitches the ball at the right place. (verb)
2- The cricket pitch is wet today. (noun)
3- Many thoughts raced through his mind when his son was in the operating theatre. (verb)
4- I wish to see his personal file (noun)
5- You have to feed the cat and its litter. (noun)
6- He has spelled the word wrongly. (verb)
7- She came first in the 100-meter race (noun)
8- The magician cast a spell on her. (noun)
9- Please file this letter. (verb)
10- The muddy ground was litteredwith crawling worms.' (verb)
Q4. Write short notes on any four of the following. Give suitable examples. (5x4= 20)
i) Alliteration
ii) Assonance
iii) Rhyme
iv) Onomatopoeia
v) Rhythm
Ans-
i) Alliteration:
Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in a sequence of words within a sentence or phrase. It is often used to create a musical or rhythmic effect and is commonly found in poetry, slogans, and literature.
Example: "She sells seashells by the seashore."
In this example, the repetition of the "s" sound at the beginning of each word is an instance of alliteration.
ii) Assonance:
Assonance involves the repetition of vowel sounds within words that are close to each other. Like alliteration, it can be used to create a musical or rhythmic quality in a piece of writing.
Example: "The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain."
Here, the repetition of the long "a" sound in "rain," "Spain," and "plain" is an example of assonance.
iii) Rhyme
Rhyme is the correspondence of sounds at the end of words or lines in a poem or song. It is a fundamental element in many forms of poetry and adds a sense of musicality and structure to the writing
Example (from Emily Dickinson's poem):
"Because I could not stop for Death –
He kindly stopped for me
The Carriage held but just Ourselves
And Immortality."
In this poem, "me" rhymes with "immortality," creating a rhyme scheme.
iv) Onomatopoeia:
Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate or resemble the sounds they describe. These words help to create a vivid sensory experience by directly connecting the word's sound to the action or object it represents.
Example: "The door creaked open.
In this sentence, the word "creaked" imitates the sound of a slowly moving door.
v) Rhythm:
Rhythm is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in language. It is the natural flow and beat of speech and writing. Rhythmic patterns can create a sense of musicality and can be used to convey emotions and moods in literature.
Example (from William Wordsworth's poem, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"):
"Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way."
The regular iambic rhythm in this stanza gives it a smooth and flowing quality.
Q5. What do you understand by Irony ? Discuss in detail the following. (20)
a. Irony of situation
b. Irony in satire
c. Ironic contrast
Ans-
Irony is a literary and rhetorical device that involves a discrepancy between appearance and reality, or between what is expected and what actually occurs. It often involves a surprising or unexpected twist in the meaning of a situation, word, or event. Irony is widely used in literature, drama, and everyday communication to add depth, humor, and complexity to a narrative or discourse.
Let's discuss the three types of irony you mentioned:
a. Irony of Situation:
Irony of situation, also known as situational irony, occurs when there is a stark contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually occurs in a particular situation. It involves a twist of fate or an unexpected turn of events. This type of irony often creates humor or tension and can be found in various forms of storytelling.
Example: In O. Henry's short story "The Gift of the Magi," a poor couple sacrifices their most valuable possessions to buy gifts for each other. The husband sells his watch to buy his wife combs for her long hair, while the wife sells her hair to buy her husband a chain for his watch. The irony lies in the fact that their gifts are now useless since they've sold the items they were meant for.
b. Irony in Satire:
Irony is a fundamental tool in satire, which is a form of writing or art that criticizes or ridicules human vices, follies, or societal issues. Satire often uses irony to expose the absurdity or hypocrisy of individuals, institutions, or social norms. It can be subtle or overt, and it aims to provoke thought and change through humor and criticism.
Example: Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal" suggests that impoverished Irish people could alleviate their economic troubles by selling their children as food to rich gentlemen and ladies. The proposal is, of course, meant to satirize the heartless attitudes of British policymakers toward the Irish, using extreme irony to make a point.
c. Ironic Contrast:
Ironic contrast, also known as verbal irony, involves saying one thing but meaning the opposite. It's a form of irony where the speaker's words convey a meaning that is contradictory to their literal meaning. This type of irony is often used for humor, sarcasm, or emphasis.
Example: Imagine a person looking out the window on a rainy, gloomy day and saying, "What a beautiful day!" In this case, the irony lies in the contrast between the speaker's words ("beautiful day") and the actual weather conditions (rainy and gloomy).
Q6. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
May she be granted beauty and yet not Beauty to make a stranger's eye distraught,
Or hers before a looking-glass, for such, Being made beautiful overmuch, Consider
beauty a sufficient end,
Lose natural kindness and maybe The heart-revealing intimacy
‘The chooses right, and never find a friend. (William Butler Yeats: “A Prayer for My Daughter’)
i) What kind of beauty does the poet want his daughter to have ?
Ans-
The poet, William Butler Yeats, wants his daughter to have a beauty that is not excessive or overwhelming. He hopes for her to have a moderate and balanced beauty that does not cause distress to strangers or lead to vanity when she looks in the mirror.
ii) What are the hazards of being made beautiful overmuch™ How does the poet illustrate his point ?
Ans-
The hazards of being made beautiful "overmuch" are that it may lead to negative consequences. The poet illustrates this point by suggesting that when someone is excessively beautiful, they might come to consider their beauty as an ultimate end in itself. This could result in the following hazards:
Loss of Natural Kindness: Excessive beauty might make a person overly self-absorbed, leading them to lose their natural kindness. They may become more focused on their own appearance and self-worth, neglecting empathy and compassion for others.
Lack of Heart-Revealing Intimacy: The poet implies that someone excessively preoccupied with their own beauty may struggle to form deep and genuine connections with others. They may prioritize their appearance over emotional intimacy, making it difficult to reveal their true self to others or connect on a deeper level.
Choosing Friends Based on Superficial Criteria: The poet suggests that those excessively beautiful might select friends based solely on superficial criteria related to physical appearance. This means they might not make friendships based on genuine qualities, shared values, or personal compatibility.
Difficulty Finding a True Friend: Ultimately, the poet warns that someone overly concerned with their beauty may never find a true friend. This implies that they may struggle to establish meaningful and lasting friendships because their focus on physical beauty could overshadow the qualities that make for strong and genuine relationships.
Q- 7. Outline the main strategies for being polite while doing things with language. (20)
Ans-
Politeness is an essential aspect of effective communication and maintaining positive relationships with others. Here are some main strategies for being polite while using language:
1. Use Polite Greetings and Farewells:
Begin conversations with a polite greeting, such as "Hello," "Hi," or "Good morning."
End conversations with a polite farewell, such as "Goodbye," "Have a nice day," or "Take care."
2. Address People Respectfully:
Use titles and honorifics when appropriate, such as Mr., Mrs., Dr., or Professor.
Use a person's name when addressing them directly, which shows respect and attentiveness.
3. Say "Please" and "Thank You":
Use "please" when making requests or asking for favors, showing that you are making a polite request rather than a demand.
Express gratitude by saying "thank you" or "thanks" when someone helps you or provides assistance.
4. Apologize When Necessary:
When you make a mistake or inconvenience someone, apologize sincerely to acknowledge the error and show remorse.
5. Avoid Interrupting:
Allow others to speak without interrupting them, which demonstrates respect for their thoughts and opinions.
6. Use Positive Language:
Frame your statements in a positive way, focusing on what can be done rather than what cannot.
Avoid using harsh or offensive language, sarcasm, or derogatory remarks.
7. Listen Actively:
Show that you are engaged and interested in what others are saying by maintaining eye contact and nodding.
Ask follow-up questions to demonstrate your attentiveness and understanding.
8. Respect Personal Boundaries:
Avoid prying into someone's personal life or asking intrusive questions.
Be mindful of cultural differences and personal space when interacting with others.
9. Give Compliments Sincerely:
Offer compliments when appropriate, but make sure they are genuine and specific rather than generic or exaggerated.
10. Use Indirect Language for Requests or Criticisms:
Soften requests or criticisms by using indirect language, such as "I was wondering if..." or "Perhaps we could consider..."
11. Be Mindful of Tone and Volume:
Use a calm and respectful tone of voice, avoiding yelling or raising your voice unnecessarily.
Be aware of your volume in public spaces to avoid disturbing others.
12. Offer Help and Support:
Offer assistance or support when you see someone in need, which demonstrates kindness and consideration.
13. Respect Differences and Diverse Perspectives:
Be open-minded and tolerant of different opinions, beliefs, and cultural backgrounds, even if you disagree.
14. Use Discretion in Sensitive Topics:
When discussing sensitive topics like religion, politics, or personal issues, use discretion and consider the other person's feelings.
15. Follow Social and Cultural Norms:
Familiarize yourself with the social and cultural norms of the context in which you are communicating to ensure your language is appropriate and respectful.
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